all the best
Topic: all the best
to all my dear students,
wishing u all the very best for teh icse. do well and contact me for any doubts before and after the paper.
lots of luv,
ms. k.dwarkadas

world wars I&II
Topic: contemporary world
INTRODUCTION
THE MAIN THEME OF EUROPEAN HISTORY INTH FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENT. WERE THE 2 WORLD WARS IN WHICH GERMANY PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE.
*WW-I was simply known as the greatest wars of the time as it was "a war to end all wars."
*WW- I was a war on a scale never witnessed before.
*The sheer cost in human lives was staggering.
*Total losses for the entire war include about 10 million troops.
*It is estimated that the number of civilians dead exceeds that number.

*The war signaled the introduction of many new weapons still used in modern warfare.
*These 20th cent. Weapons include airplanes, tanks, the submarine, the machine gun, hand grenade, the poison gas, long range artillery, etc.
*It was a four dimensional war, fought on land, above land, on the sea and under the sea.
*National economies were mobilized as never before.
*Industry encouraged women to enter the workforce so that men could concentrate on the frontlines.
*In short, it was the way traditional warfare of cavalry, etc fighting changed.
*NO more was it the pastime of kings.
*It became the passion of nations. Nations put in all their effort and resources in the war. The concept of "Total War" was born.
* However, with today's nuclear capacity, total war could mean total destruction.
CAUSES
*WW-I was fought between 2 blocks:
*A) the central powers and B) the allies.
*The central powers consisted of Germany, Italy and Austria.
*The Allies had Britain, France and Russia. Later, the USA also joined in.
**HOW WERE THESE BLOCKS FORMED?
FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES
*In 1870 - 71, the Franco-Prussian War occurred and Bismarck, who was the chancellor of Germany was able to attain its unification in 1871. This also led to the defeat of the French.
*Germany thus got 2 provinces, Alsace and Lorraine from France.
*Bismarck always knew that someday, France would want back these 2 provinces through a war.
*Therefore, he decided to isolate France. For this purpose, he decided to take to his side, countries who could be friendly with France viz. Austria and Russia.
*With Austria, he signed the Dual Alliance in 1879.
*With Russia, he signed the Reinsurance Treaty in 1887.
*Bismarck was convinced that the Super power Britain could never be friendly with France.
*The Dual Alliance was converted to the Triple Alliance after Italy joined it, but the situation changed after Bismarck.
*In 1890, Bismarck was dismissed by Emperor Kaiser William - II.
*Kaiser William - II was not a good diplomat and unfortunately, he was unable to foresee a lot of things.
*He also failed to realize the importance of what Bismarck had done.
* So, he let the treaty signed with Russia lapse.
*Thus, Russia feeling insulted, moved closer to France.
*France was only delighted as her isolation was broken.
*France gave financial support for the Trans- Siberian Railway in Russia.
*France and Russia also signed the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1892.
*England was the only country who did not have a friend.
*England could never be friendly with Germany due to their clashes on the Berlin-Baghdad Railway.
*Eng. Could not get along with France due to their rivalry over Sudan.
*Russia too for her own reasons could not be friendly with England.
*Circumstances changed after the beginning of the 20th cent. When the British and the French clashed in Sudan.
*The Br. And the Fr clashed in Sudan. After Sudan being given to the Br. In 1904, a friendship treaty was signed between the Br and the Fr. Known as the Anglo-French alliance or the entente cordiale Fr. Thus decided to bring Russia and England together and an Anglo- Russian alliance was also signed in 1907. Afghanistan, Tibet and Persia's issue was also settled henceforth. In the same year, 1907, Fr; Russia and England signed the triple entente.
Race for Armaments:
*" Militarism breeds more militarism." In such an atmosphere of hatred, fear and suspicion, big armies and navies were inevitable. And big armies and navies aroused more hatred, fear and suspicion. Europe became an armed camp as each nation tried to outdo the other by increasing its armaments. Most nations increased their regular armies and also built up large citizen armies. (Citizens compulsorily joining the army for a certain no. Of years.) Rivalries in building the strongest navy led to a heavy tax burden.
*Thus, between 1871 and 1914, entire Europe was busy in fighting different wars, as this was a period of Imperialism in Asia and Africa. As armament production increased in Europe, every country started spending huge sums of money on armaments. Germany had the best navy in Europe and England had the best navy. So Germany challenged England's navy and aimed to outdo it. This race for armaments led to tension among countries and each country started suspecting the other.* Ger's insecurity was also due to her geographical location In the heart of Europe. By 1914, Ger had left Br and Fr far behind in the production of iron and steel as well as in many other manufactures. One of its ships, the IMPERATOR, was the largest in the world.
*Ger even dug the Kiel canal deeper so that battleships could find shelter in its waters. Eng requested her not to make such preparations, but it was clear that Ger was preparing for war. This also led to hostilities between them. Br and Fr were also concerned about Ger's growing military strength which also led to WW - I.
Imperialism:
*Economic Imperialism was a very important cause for the outbreak of WW-I. Every European country had a mad race for colonies due to 4 main reasons:
*a) Raw material.
*b) Market.
*c) Used for diversion of surplus population.
*d) Surplus wealth.*This led to a number of wars between 1871 and 1914, which ultimately led to the outbreak of WW - I.
Attitude of Kaiser William - II
*Kaiser William's attitude was also responsible for the outbreak of WW - I. Bismarck never wanted Germany to acquire any colonies, as she would clash with the other powers. He did not want Ger to fight ay wars. He was famously called the `no colonies man.' After Bismarck's dismissal, Kaiser William - II changed his policy and wanted colonies for Ger. KW2 made Eng. his greatest enemy by challenging its navy.
*
*Another reason was that Eng in those days was a flourishing industrial power. Ger started competing with Eng and she also became a great industrial power.
*During the Boer wars, Ger supported the Dutch against the Br, which was not liked by the Br. Ger also planned to construct the Berlin-Baghdad railway line in Turkey which was not liked by Br.
*Thus, intense rivalry arose between these two countries.
**Another reason was that Eng in those days was a flourishing industrial power. Ger started competing with Eng and she also became a great industrial power.
*During the Boer wars, Ger supported the Dutch against the Br, which was not liked by the Br. Ger also planned to construct the Berlin-Baghdad railway line in Turkey which was not liked by Br.
*Thus, intense rivalry arose between these two countries.
*
Spirit of Nationalism / Aggressive or Militant Nationalism:
*Aggressive nationalism partly contributed to the war. The love of one's own country demanded the hatred of the other. So the love of Fr demanded the hatred of Ger and vice - versa. It was considered the most honourable duty of every patriot to fight for one's own country irrespective of it being right or wrong. The Eng viewed Eng as the Centre of the world. The Fr considered Fr as the Holy Nation. All these factors contributed to the outbreak of WW - I.
**Aggressive nationalism partly contributed to the war. The love of one's own country demanded the hatred of the other. So the love of Fr demanded the hatred of Ger and vice - versa. It was considered the most honourable duty of every patriot to fight for one's own country irrespective of it being right or wrong. The Eng viewed Eng as the Centre of the world. The Fr considered Fr as the Holy Nation. All these factors contributed to the outbreak of WW - I.
**After the unification of Ger in 1871, the spirit of nationalism was very strong among the countries of Europe and every European country wanted glory and name. There were many small nationalities who wanted to unite with their own countries. E.g. the Austrian Empire in Europe had people belonging to different nationalities like Poles (Polish), Serbs, Germans, Italian, etc. These people wanted to unite with their own country. The Poles wanted to join Poland and so on.
* After Bismarck, his alliance with Russia lapsed under KW2. Thus, Fr got a chance to come out of her isolation. In the late 19th cent, Russia was an under developed country with a strong military power. It needed foreign investment, which was now provided by Fr. Equally passionate was the desire of nationalistic Italians to take from Austria what they considered their lost provinces, the Italian speaking provinces of Trieste and Trentino.
Thus, by 1894, the world was practically divided into the blocks:
*Triple Alliance and Dual alliance.
*The two major grounds of rivalry between these two groups were:
*a) The Fr thirst for revenge against Ger.
*b) Austria and Russia both had their eyes on the Balkans.
*In this era of narrow or Aggressive Nationalism, love of one's own country demanded the hatred of the other. This `Nationalism' led to the creation of two new powers - Italy and Ger - through the uniting of many small states. They developed expansionist policies in the name of `nationalism', which were responsible for the war.
* Thus, super patriots fanatically and defiantly ranted about their national honour and stirred up hatred among nations.
*

un and human rights
Topic: contemporary world
? CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF THE UN:

*The destruction caused by the world wars.
? Einstein aptly said that if there would be a Third World War, it would be fought with nuclear weapons, but the Fourth one would be fought with bows and arrows.

? Wars begin in the minds of men and it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be established.

The UN Day

In 1945, the UN charter came into existence. At the San Francisco conference where 50 countries ratified the UN charter.
Amongst the most prominent countries were: China, Russia, France, USA and UK
Since then, 24th October is celebrated every year as the UN day.
? ORIGIN OF THE UN*The efforts to set up a peacekeeping organization were made with
*THE LONDON DECLARATION in 1941.
*THE WASHINGTON DECLARATION 1942.
THE MOSCOW DECLARATION 1943.
*DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE 1944.
*YALTA CONFERENCE 1945.

Preamble
We the peoples of the United Nations determined
? To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and.
? To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and.
? To establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and.
? To promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
? And for these ends.
? To practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and.
? To unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and.
? To ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and.

To employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,
? Have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims.
Accordingly, our respective governments, through representatives assembled in the city of san Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present charter of the united nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the united nations.
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER

In Aug. 1941, the US president, F.D. Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, issued a declaration known as the Atlantic Charter.

Its Objectives were as follows:
1. To maintain Inter national peace and security in the world.
2. To encourage International cooperation.
3. To develop friendly relations among nations.
4. To recognize the fundamental rights and the status of all people.

? TERMS OF THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
* They will recognize the sovereignty and equality of all states big or small.
* They will peacefully settle all sorts of disputes without resorting to war or the threat of war.
* They will help the UN in against a state violating the treaties or agreements.
* The signatories will not dishonor the opinion of the people of that state while determining the frontiers of a foreign country.
* The state shall recognize the right of each one to draft its own constitution.
* They will equally try to preserve peace and security in the world by reducing armament s and ammunition.

? membership
* All peace - loving nations can become members of the UN if they agree to follow the principles of the UN and the terms of the Atlantic Charter.

? HEAD QUARTERS AND OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

The Headquarters of the UN is in New York City, USA.
The official languages of the UN are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. *The work in the UN is conducted in five languages, which are globally used.
*The official languages of the UN are English and French.
*The working languages of the UN are English, French and Spanish.
*And Russian is also used in the General Assembly and the Security Council.


The UN was formed on 24th October 1945.

THE UN FLAG
The UN flag has the Un logo on it and it represents the countries all over the globe, from each continent.

UNICEF
? Aims:
l Created by the UN after world war- II in 1946 to help the children all over Europe.
l It was originally known as the United Nations international children's emergency fund, but from 1953 onwards, it came to be known as the united nations children's fund, however, retaining its acronym as UNICEF.
l UNICEF helps children get the care and stimulation they need in the early years of life.
l It encourages families to educate girls as well as boys.
l It strives to reduce childhood death and illness and to protect children in the midst of war and natural disaster.
l UNICEF supports young people, wherever they are, in making informed decisions about their own lives, and strives to build a world in which all children live in dignity and security.
l Headquartered in New York, UNICEF carries out its work through seven regional offices and 126 country offices covering more than 160 countries, territories and areas.
l UNICEF's governing body of 36 nations, representing all regions of the world, establishes policies, reviews programs and approves budgets for the organization.
l The 37 national committees for UNICEF are private, not-for-profit organizations, primarily in industrialized countries, that support UNICEF programs. Extensive networks of volunteers help the committees raise funds, sell the well-known UNICEF greeting cards and carry out other activities, such as the "trick-or-treat for UNICEF" program. These efforts help generate a deeper understanding of the rights and needs of children everywhere and provide ways for young people as well as adults to change the world for children.

THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WAS FORMED ON 7-4-1948,WHEN 26 U.N. MEMBER STATES RATIFIED ITS CONSTITUTION. THIS DAY IS OBSERVED ANUALLY AS WORLD HEALTH DAY.THE W.H.O IS TO HELP GOVERMENTS TO BREAK THE VICIOUS CIRCLE. THE MAIN PRIORITY OF WHO IS TO ACHIEVE HEALTH FOR ALL BY YEAR- 2000.

THE STRATEGY IS BASED ON THE ESSENTIALS FOR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WHICH INCLUDE HEALTH EDUCATION, MATERIAL AND CHILD HEALTH, CLEAN WATER AND PROPER SANITATION.

FUNCTIONS:
1) W.H.O HELPS COUNTRIES IN STRENGTHENING THE HEALTH SYSTEM BY BUILDING UP HEATH, MANPOWER AND INDIVIDUAL SERVICES.IT HELPS THEM BY GIVING IMPORTANTS DRUGS AND SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR MEDICAL CARE.

2) W.H.O MAKES EFFORT TO PROVIDE IMMUNIZATION FOR ALL CHILDEN TO PREVENT THE SIX MAJOR DISEASES OF CHILDHOOD- DIPTHERIA, MEASEALES, POLIOMYELITIS, TETANUS, TUBERCULOSIS AND WHOOPING COUGH.

3) W.H.O. ARRANGES PERIODICAL CONFERENCES AND SEMENIARS IN ORDER TO TRAIN PERSONNEL FROM DIFFERERENT STATES IN THE TECHNIQUES FOR COMBATING DISEASES.

4) IT LAYS DOWN STANDARDS REGARDING THE STRENGTH AND PURITY OF. IT HAS ALREADY SET STANDARDS FOR MANY DRUGS INCLUDING BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS.

? What does the WHO do to achieve its objective of ensuring health for all?

1. It has set up a global strategy, which requires the combined efforts of governments and the people.
2. The strategy is based on the essentials for primary health care which include health Education,
3. Nutrition,
4. Maternal and child health,
5. Clean water,
6. Proper sanitation,
7. Eradication of Polio, etc.

UNESCO

OBJECTIVES OF THE UNESCO:

1. To contribute to the peace and security in the world by
2. Promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication.
3. In order that people may have respect for justice, for the rules of law, for human rights, and for fundamental freedom, "Irrespective of race, sex, language and religion."

FUNCTIONS OF THE UNESCO IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION:

1. It helps to build up educational facilities for adults and children especially in developing countries.
2. It helps in the production of textbooks, development of new educational techniques and imparts training to teachers.
3. It helps to translate rare manuscripts.
4. Trains educational administrators.
5. It organizes book-fairs and festivals at National and International levels.
6. Provides fellowship and study grants to teachers and scholars.
7. It helps to develop library system.


FUNCTIONS OF THE UNESCO IN THE FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES:

1. It helps in establishing scientific and technological institutions through which every country can make better use of its resources.
2. It arranges the meetings of International scientists.
3. Promotes social sciences as instruments for realization of human rights, justice and peace.
4. It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower.
5. It encourages basic research by providing research fellowship in Maths, Physics, Geology and Oceanography, etc.
6. It also provides information through bulletins, journals, exhibitions, etc.

The United Nations Organization: Organs

v INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE:

1. It is the judicial organ of the UN.
2. It consists of 15 judges.
3. They are elected for a term of 9 years.
4. By the Security Council and the General Assembly.
5. Each judge has to be from a different country.
6. If 2 persons from the same country are chosen, the elder becomes the member of the court.
7. The court elects its president and vice-president for a 9-year term.
8. They may be re-elected.
9. The court has its permanent seat at The Hague in Netherlands.
10. The court has the power to appoint its registrar.

v THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY:

FUNCTIONS :
1. To consider and make recommendations on the principles relating to International peace and security, including disarmament and the regulation of arms.
2. To discuss questions relating to international peace and security and to make recommendations on it.
3. To discuss and to make recommendations as the powers and functions of any organ of the UN.
4. To initiate studies and to give suggestions to member states for the promotion of International cooperation in areas of political, social, economic, cultural and health matters.
5. It also helps in the realization of human rights and freedom for all.
6. To make recommendations for peaceful settlement of disputes or any problem which might damage friendly relations among nations.
7. To receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other Organs of the UN.
8. To consider and approve the UN budget and to apportion the contributions among members.
9. To elect the Non-permanent members of the Security Council, the ECOSOC, the Trusteeship Council and to elect the judges of the ICOJ.
10. To appoint the Secretary General of the UN on the recommendations of the Security Council.
11. TO make recommendations to the Member nations to use collective measures including the use of armed force, in case of aggression, or breach of peace.
12. To amend the UN charter.
13. Under the Uniting for Peace resolution 1950, the General assembly has the power to make recommendations to members to use collective measures including the use of armed force, in case of aggression, or breach of peace. If the Security Council fails to take action, the General Assembly can take action. If there is lack of Unity among the permanent members of the Security Council, then too the GA has the power to take action.

The GA has its sessions from the 3rd Tuesday of September to December every year. However, emergency sessions can be called for whenever need arises.

v SECURITY COUNCIL:

The Security Council was to maintain International peace and Security. The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members and 10 non- permanent members. The 5 permanent members of the Security Council are as follows: USA, USSR, China, France and UK. The non- permanent members of the Security Council are elected for a 2-year term from the different continents of the world. Each of the 5 permanent members of the Security Council has the power to veto a decision. Veto is a negative vote or the right to say no to a decision or the right to reject a decision of the Security Council. If any of the 5 permanent members exercises this power, then that particular decision of the Security Council is nullified. Each of the members has one vote. Each member gets to become the President of the Security Council for one month. Meetings are held every month and can also be called for whenever needed. The Secretary General of the Security Council is elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
Human rights mean such conditions or privileges that should e available to all, irrespective of caste, religion, race, sex, creed or nationality.
Apartheid means a policy of Racial Discrimination. It is the official policy of all kinds of discrimination between the blacks and the whites in South Africa. It can also be called a policy of discrimination against the non- white race by the Republic of South Africa. It is a legalized form of racial discrimination.

ARTICLE 1 and 2 OF THE E HUMAN RIGHT DECLARATION:
It affirms the responsibility for the protection and pursuit of Human rights. As the permanent obligation of the states the Declaration as the common standard also states a common standard of achievement for all people and all nations. It affirms the dignity of individuals. Everyone is born free and equal, irrespective of caste, creed, race, community, nationality, etc.
Article 1 of the Declaration stares that all are born free and should have equal rights and dignities. And since man possesses reason, he should take steps towards the realization of brotherhood of man.
Article 2 of the Declaration is an expansion of the equality of rights that is all persons should have equal rights irrespective of their caste, creed, race, religion, birth or sex, etc.

Reasons for the Importance of Human Rights today:
1. The universality of rights: These human rights are guaranteed to all persons irrespective of their religion, race, sex, caste, creed, etc. whether a country is independent or is under another country's rule.
2. Contribution to the Constitution of the World: The British and American constitutions contain human rights as that of liberty, equality and fraternity, as well as dignity of the individual, and freedom of speech, expression, etc. All the constitutions of the world thus, abide by the Human rights. E.g. India follows FR's and DP's and thus abides by the Human rights.
3. Formation of NGO's: A number of Non- governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and the Public Service commission work for the protection of human rights.

The declaration of the rights of Child Affirms:
The GA adopted the Declaration of the Rights of child in 1959. These rights got a legal binding with the adoption of the convention of the rights of the child by the GA in 1989. A committee was set up to monitor the progress made by the member states in this field. This declaration affirms the right of the child to special protection, opportunities, facilities for a normal healthy development; any allegation of the violence of the children's rights would be investigated.

partition of bengal
Topic: history
VICEROYALTY OF LORD CURZON:
Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India from 1898 - 1905. The Indians disliked him due to his policies against the unity of the country. Some of his repressive policies are mentioned below:
He curtailed the freedom of the press by the Official Secrets Act passed in 1904.
He passed the Corporation Act by which he reduced the number of Indians in the corporation.
The Indian Universities act of 1904

Bengal was a large presidency. It had plenty of provinces. It contained the whole of Bengal, and parts of Orissa. It covered an area of about 1,89,000 sq. miles. It had its capital at Calcutta. Lord Curzon made this plan in December 1903. He gave the reason that Bengal was too large to govern and so the partition was vital. Thus, on 16th October 1905, Bengal was partitioned into East and West Bengal respectively. Accordingly, a new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam was constituted by amalgamating Assam and Chittagong with 15 different districts of old Bengal.

MOTIVES BEHIND THE PARTITION:
Curzon hoped to attain a double advantage with the partition of Bengal. One was to split up and thus weaken the nationalist movement. The other was to set the Muslims and Hindus against each other. It was quite clear from the partition that the new province of East Bengal was specially set up so that the Muslims could be in a majority in that area.
Thus, Lord Curzon embarked on the partition of Bengal on the pretext of administrative necessity. But, the real reason was to curb Bengali nationalists by dividing the Hindus and the Muslims of Bengal. Thus, he very clearly followed a policy of Divide and Rule.
REASONS GIVEN BY THE BRITISH TO JUSTIFY THE PARTITION:
The presidency of Bengal had become too large. It included Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Chhota Nagpur and some other remote areas.
It had a population of about 78 million people.
Administrative necessity was the main reason given for the partition by the British.
It was difficult to be governed.

PEOPLE'S REACTION:
16TH Oct. the day of the partition was observed as the day of mourning and humiliation throughout Bengal.
Huge meetings and demonstrations were held in different towns.
People fasted.
And walked barefooted to the Ganges .
They sang patriotic songs such as Bande Mataram of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
Rabindranath Tagore also composed a national song for the occasion.
The people of Bengal observed this day as the Raksha Bandhan day. As a symbol of unity and brotherhood among each other.
The Swadeshi and boycott movements were also started as the people felt that processions and demonstrations were insufficient to move the Br. rulers.
Washermen stopped washing foreign clothes.
Ladies stopped wearing foreign bangles.
Thus, the partition of Bengal had moved the Indians thoroughly and national education and national schools and colleges were also set up.
The Swadeshi movement was started to give rise to the indigenous Indian industries. Swadeshi meant using goods produced in one's own country, whereas Boycott meant not using the goods produced in a foreign country.
Both these movements taught the people to be fearless of the British and a new class of people without any distinction of caste, creed, religion, etc was formed wherein the Hindus and Muslims united.
Under Tilak's leadership, the movement gained momentum.
The youth marched in an organized procession protesting against the partition.
Plenty of shops were picketed by the youth of India.
Students refused to appear in the examinations.
In fact, a large sum of money was collected to enforce the movement.
All those who did not take part in this movement faced social boycott.
Most of the newspapers and magazines carried reports and articles on this topic.

REACTION OF THE BRITISH GOVT. TO THE ANTI- PARTITION MOVEMENT:
The initial success of the movement made the Govt. to take firm, but repressive measures against it.
All processions and meetings were banned.
Bande Mataram was forbidden.
Educational institutions were issued firm instructions (warning) banning students from participating in the anti-partition movement or else their recognition was at stake.
Schools and colleges who took part in the movement lost their Govt. grants.
Students were debarred from appearing in the Govt. exams.
Many leaders were arrested and mercilessly beaten up (lathi charged)
They were also sent behind bars. E.g. Tilak was sentenced to 6 yrs. Rigorous Imprisonment. Many leaders were arrested and deported. E.g. Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh.
However, this policy of repression failed to curb the national movement.
Thousands of people were arrested and put in jail.
In order to win over the Moderates the Minto-Morley reforms were passed.

THE IMPACT OF THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENTS:

IMPETUS TO THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT:
This movement brought a new class of people without any distinction of class, creed, religion, etc. As students and women had participated in this movement it took the form of a mass movement or a national struggle. This movement united the people to fight for their freedom struggle and taught them the true patriotic spirit.

IMPETUS TO INDIAN INDUSTRIES:
The Swadeshi movement gave an impetus to the Indian industries. Swadeshi textile mills, match and soap factories were started. Potteries and tanneries came into existence. Acharya P.C. Ray started the Bengal Chemicals Factory. Tagore set up the Swadeshi store. The Tata Iron and steel company was set up in Bihar. Many banks and insurance companies were opened. The Swadeshi weaving company was set up in Pune.


NATIVE EDUCATION:
The movement created an urge for national education. Satish Chandra Mukherjee, the editor of the Dawn, had a major role to play in formulating the scheme of national education. He encouraged students to boycott all universities and examinations. The national council for education was started in 1906. The council was instrumental in establishing the Bengal Technical Institute and the Bengal national college at Calcutta. These institutions played a major role in emphasizing moral, secular, scientific and technical education. Its medium of instruction was the regional language.


STIMULUS TO CULTURE:
A new type of nationalist poetry, prose and journalism charged with passion and idealism was born. Patriotic songs composed by Tagore and Mukund Dass, etc. were not only effective, but also had a literary quality of permanent value. Tagore's Amar Sonar Bangla even later inspired the freedom struggle of Bangladesh. In the field of Science, Jagdish Chandra Bose and Praffulla C. Ray pioneered original research and won admiration world over.

INC:
The rift between the moderates and the extremists cast its shadow over the INC. The moderates had accepted Swadeshi but were against boycott. On the other hand, the extremists considered Swadeshi and boycott complementary to each other. This rift later led to its split in 1907.

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE:
It had no broad base as the common man was not touched by it.
The British succeeded in creating the split between the moderates and the extremists in 1907.

BOARD QUESTIONS:
Indian reaction to the partition. - Frequently asked up to 2002.
Br. reaction 2002, 2004
Date of partition - frequent
Swadeshi and boycott movements- frequent.
Mention one Anti - India policy adopted by lord Curzon that brought about aggressive Nationalism in India. (2003)
Motives for the partition (2004)
Reasons / justification (2004)

moderatres and aggressive nationalists
Topic: history
The leaders from 1885 - 1905 were called Moderates because:
They had great faith in constitutional methods.
They believed in the justice and fair play of the British Govt.
They believed that the British Govt. could be persuaded with prayers and petitions and they would respond to it.
They did not want to overthrow the British by violence but wanted self -govt. within the British Empire.

THEIR BELIEFS:-
They believed in utmost loyalty to the British.
They believed that the British presence in India was a blessing in disguise for the Indians.
They highly praised the British for introducing the developments in Science and Technology.
They had friendly relations with the British and were influenced by Western education.
They believed in the promises kept by the British.

They thought the British would grant them self - rule once they understood the Indians.
They believed in patience and reconciliation.

METHODS AND PROGRAMMES OF THE MODERATES:-
Their main aim was to achieve self-Govt. under the British rule.
They adopted constitutional and peaceful methods for the attainment of their objective.
They passed resolutions at the meetings of the congress.
They submitted memorandums and petitions to the Govt. containing popular demands.
They held public demonstrations to gain public support.
Under this, they made a number of efforts and demands and criticized the govt.'s policies.
They had to politically educate the people.
Arouse political consciousness and public opinion.
Held meetings and discussions on socio-economic matters.
Organized annual meetings with the help of various leaders from across the country.
They published many weeklies and journals. E.g. a weekly called INDIA was published.
They used the press for criticizing the wrongdoings of the Govt.
They also sent representatives like Dadabhai Naoroji to England to seek a favorable public opinion there
They also followed similar non-violent means.

ATTITUDE OF THE BRITISH:-In the beginning, the Govt. looked upon the movement with favour. Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy gave a garden party to the delegates who attended the Calcutta session of the INC. The attitude of the British towards the Moderates was sympathetic and friendly in the beginning. They wanted to use the Congress as a "Safety Valve" to ease out the tension and discontentment among the masses. That is also one of the reasons why the British let A.O.Hume be one of the founding members of the Congress. In the beginning, the British were not opposed to the INC at all. They attended the meetings of the INC thinking that the Indians would restrict themselves to the academic part of the demands. But, the increased criticism of the Br. policies made the Govt. to change its attitude. They turned hostile to the INC. They treated the INC with distrust and dislike. They considered the INC an organization of self-appointed people who did not represent the entire country, but only a small part of them. The Govt. did not pay any heed to the demands of the Moderates. The British encouraged people like Raja Shiva Prasad of Benaras and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to organize anti-Congress movements. The original attitude of the British thus underwent a sea of change because the British followed a policy of Divide and Rule to keep the INC under control and also because the English felt suspicious of the growing strength and the popularity of the INC.

DEMANDS:-
ECONOMIC REFORMS:-
To eradicate poverty and to encourage Indian industries.
To reduce land revenue and to protect the rights of the farmers.
Abolition of the salt tax.
A reduction in the expenditure of the army.
To use the money thus saved on welfare projects.
To protect Indian Labour in British colonies abroad against exploitation.
Boycott of foreign cloth and bonfire of British goods.

CIVIL RIGHTS:-
They opposed the curbs imposed on the freedom of speech, press and association.

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS:-
They demanded the expansion and reform of the Imperial Legislative Council.
The people should directly elect members of the Legislative Council. The Indian Council's Act of 1892 failed to satisfy the Indians because the real power was vested in the hands of the British.
There should be a complete separation between the executive and the judicial branches of administration.
Initially, the Nationalists demanded complete self-govt.

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS:-
They recommended that the Educated Indians should be appointed to higher posts.
They demanded simultaneous ICS exam in India and in England.
They demanded the repeal or cancellation of the Arms Act.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MODERATES:-
They established the Congress.
They popularized the ideas of Democracy and Civil Liberties.
They exposed the truth about the British intentions.
They laid the foundations of a strong national movement.
They promoted the spirit of a common brotherhood.
They infused national consciousness.
They were the early nationalists who sowed the seeds of nationalism well.
They were successful in ultimately holding the ICS exam simultaneously in India and England.
Achievements of the moderates:-
Foundation of a Secular and Democratic National Movement:-
The early nationalist leaders estd. a movement that incorporated different political trends, ideologies, social classes and groups, etc. so long as the commitment to democratic and secular nationalism was there. They laid down a strong foundation for the building up and growth of such a national movement as could ultimately achieve freedom for our people.

Political Education of the Indians:-
The early nationalists saw the arousal, training and consolidation of public opinion as a major task. Their activities were directed towards this end. They were successful to a great extent, in arousing political awakening and national consciousness among the Indians. They popularized the ideas of democracy and civil liberties among the people of India.

Exposure of the true nature of the Br. rule:-
In the 19th cent. The moderates were the first to develop an economic critique of colonialism and the chief contradiction between the interests of the Indian people and the Br. rule. They successfully exposed the true nature of the Br. rule in India. They eroded the popular confidence in the supposedly benevolent character of the Br. rule.

DADABHAI NAOROJI:-
He was born in a Parsee family in Bombay in 1825.
He began his career as a professor in the Elphinstone College.
Dadabhai Naoroji is known as India's Unofficial Ambassador to England.
Dadabhai Naoroji wrote a book `Poverty and the Un-British Rule' in which he exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British.
He explained the fact that India could not progress because the British drained off its wealth.
D.N. was elected to the British House of Commons in 1892 on a liberal party ticket.
He championed the cause of the Indians in the British Parliament.
Not only this, but he also brought to the notice of the House the problems affecting India and its people.
He pioneered the cause of appointing educated Indians to high posts.
It is due to his efforts that the House of Commons passed a bill in 1893 to hold the ICS exam simultaneously in India and England.
His presidentship in the Congress helped to avert its split in 1906.
The resolutions of `Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education' were taken during his time.
He said, " We want justice and not favours, self Govt. or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom."
He devised the Drain Theory according to which the British unnecessarily drained off its wealth from India.
He founded the East India Association in 1866.
He was elected the President of the INC thrice.
He died in 1917 at the age of 92 years and thus he is remembered as the Grand old man of India.


GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE:-
He was born in Kolhapur in the year 1866.
He started his political career as a teacher.
He became the principal of the Ferguson College.
Became a member of the Congress in 1889.
Presided over the Benaras session of the Congress in 1905.
He was a prominent leader of the moderate wing.
He was of the view that constitutional agitation was the only way to secure constitutional reforms.
Trusted in the British sense of justice and fair play.
He never failed to criticize the unjust policies and highhanded Govt. Acts.
In 1902, he became a member of the Indian legislative assembly.
Being the member of the legislative council, he introduced the bill to make primary education compulsory.
In 1906, he est. The Servants of India Society.
Its aim was to train the people for the service of India and to promote the true interest of the people of India.
He condemned the Caste system.
He pleaded for equal rights to men and women.
He thought that the BR. would grant self-govt under their rule.
He fought against the discrimination of the lower caste.s
He opposed the unjust policies of the Br., which were against the welfare of the people.
He wanted the govt. to repeal the toll tax because the poor were very highly affected by it.
It was due to his efforts that taxes were reduced.
It was due to his efforts that the Indians were appointed to higher posts.
He was against the partition of Bengal of 1905.
Being a great economist, he believed that the policies of the Br. were responsible for the poverty in India.
He requested the Govt. to reduce the land tax to help the poor.
He asked the Govt. to encourage technical and industrial education.
He asked the Govt. to repeal the tax on cotton.
He was the editor of "Sudharak"
In 1904, he was awarded the title of Companion of Indian Empire.
He played a major role in the passage of the Minto- Morley reforms.
Made a strong plea for the reform of the legislative council and the separation of the judiciary from the executive.
Indians to be given a large share in the ICS.
He felt the need fort making village panchayats and other local bodies as effective units f local administration.
He was the forerunner or the Political Guru of Mahatma Gandhi.
At his death, Tilak said, " He was a diamond of India, the jewel of Maharashtra and the Prince of Workers."

SOME IMP. QUESTIONS:
Who was called the `Grand Old man Of India?' (2001)
Ans.1. Dadabhai Naoroji was called the Grand Old Man Of India.
2 Who was called the father of the Nationalist Movement in India? (1999)
Ans. 2. Surendranath Bannerjee was called the father of the Nationalist movement in India.
3 Who founded the theosophical Society? (1998)
Ans.3. The Theosophical Society was founded by Mme. Blavatsky and Col. Olcott.

4 Who founded the Servants of India Society? (1996)
5. Who was known as India's Unofficial Ambassador to England? ( 1996, 2002)
Name any 3 imp. leaders of the Moderates. ( 2000,2002)
Achievements of the Moderates.(2002)
Who founded the East India Association? (2003)

Structured Questions:-
Attitude of the British towards the Moderates. (2000)
Short Notes:
Dadabhai Naoroji (1999, 2001)
Gokhale (1994, 2003)
Achievements of the Moderates. (1993)
Aggressive Nationalists
The leaders of the INC from 1905 to 1914 were called the extremists or the Aggressive Nationalists. They were more radical in their demands and believed in a more aggressive form of nationalism. Therefore, they were known as Extremists or Aggressive Nationalists.

FACTORS LEADING TO THE RISE OF AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM:-

FAILURE OF THE MODERATES:-
The policy followed by the moderates of reconciliation and cooperation, but the Govt. Failed to heed to their demands. This attitude of the Br. gave rise to Aggressive Nationalists who had no faith in patience and petitions.

PARTITION OF BENGAL:-
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal with the aim of creating a gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims. This was done to weaken the National Movement, though the reason given was that the province was too large to govern for a single governor.
All the patriotic Indians resisted this action as it hurt their national feelings and sentiments. Moreover, the people launched the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements.

INTERNATIONAL EVENTS:-
There was a firm belief among the people that the people of Asia and Africa cannot defeat their rulers. But, when Ethiopia defeated Italy and Japan defeated Russia, it infused self - confidence among the Indians.

BRITISH APATHY TO FAMINES AND PLAGUES:-
Between the period of 1886-1900, India suffered from a number of Famines and plagues. Thousands of people died of starvation. However, the Br. were not the least moved by these events. Instead of organizing immediate relief work and spending the money saved on the welfare of the people, they celebrated the Silver Jubilee of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne. Tilak protested to it through his writings in the Kesari and the Maratha.

THE REPRESSIVE POLICIES OF LORD CURZON:-
Lord Curzon was one such Britisher who was of the view that due to their racial superiority, only the Br. are fit to rule over India. Therefore, to harass the Indians to the fullest, he passed the Calcutta Corporation act in 1899 by which he increased the number of Englishmen in the corporation. He passed the Indian Universities Act of 1904 according to which he imposed strict control over the universities because he thought that they were the centers were nationalism was taught to the Indians. Moreover, he passed an Act in 1896, according to which it became an offence to criticize the Br.

6.IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTIONS:-
The people were highly inspired by the bloody revolutions that occurred in many parts of the world esp. China, Turkey and Iran as these revolutions were fresh in the minds of the people.

ILLTREATMENT OF THE INDIANS ABROAD:-
The Indians had helped the Br. to establish their territories in Asia and Africa. In return, the Indians were ill treated by the Br. They were humiliated and paid very low salary, they could not own any territory, they could not enter hotels, parks and other public places, one could always read boards like, "Dogs and Indians not allowed." They could not even travel in the same coaches as the Br. and were forced to travel in coaches meant for the Africans and Asians only. Moreover, the Registration Act required them to register themselves and to carry Identity Cards wherever they went.

ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION BY THE BRITISH:-
The Br. economically exploited the Indians and did nothing about it. Therefore, this gave rise to Aggressive Nationalism in India.

AIMS AND METHODS OF THE EXTREMISTS:-
The main aim of the extremists was to gain total independence of India. They knew that the Moderates had failed in their efforts and the Br. were only cheating them. Therefore, they aimed at immediate and complete independence from the Br. The moderates believed in petitions, memoranda, appeals, and etc. because they had complete faith in the Br., which the extremists did not have. The extremists knew that the Br. could be ousted from India by force alone and so they wanted immediate freedom. They were successful in making the national movement a mass movement. They used self-reliance and self- sacrifice to achieve their aim. They also proposed 3 basic methods to achieve national independence viz. Swadeshi, Boycott and National Education. Leaders like Lokmanya Tilak raised slogans like, "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it." They asked the people to use goods manufactured only in India. They discouraged the people from using goods made in England. Students were called upon to boycott schools and colleges run by the Govt. and to join National schools and colleges. Thus, special schools were set up to impart national education.

HOW THE EXTREMISTS DIFFERED FROM THE MODERATES IN THEIR AIMS AND METHODS:
The main aim of the Extremists was to gain total independence of India and not dominion status as claimed by the Moderates.
The Moderates believed in methods like organizing public meetings/ submitting memorandums to the Govt. / holding peaceful protests,/ and discussions with the Govt. The Moderates believed in patience and non-violence rather than in violence and confrontation like their counterparts. They also sent in deputations to England.
The Aggressive Nationalists on the other hand believed in methods like Swadeshi, / Boycott,/ National Education, etc. Through these methods, the Aggressive Nationalists wanted to cripple the Br. administration. Aggressive Nationalists asked the people to use Swadeshi goods and boycott institutions run by the Govt. and also to boycott clothes made in England. Their methods were more aggressive and violent / involving self-sacrifice / suffering and hardship / and mass struggle.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EXTREMISTS:-
They made the National movement a mass movement.
Under their able leadership, national feelings were aroused and the national movement got a wider base.
Thus, the people united under one banner.
They instilled self- confidence and self- reliance among the people of the country.
They helped to revive the cottage industries in the country by propagating the use of Swadeshi in the country.
They used non-cooperation as a very useful weapon and instilled self-confidence among the people to raise their voices against their rulers.

BAL GANGADHAR TILAK:-
(1856 - 1920)
A famous Brahmin from Maharashtra
Teacher and journalist
Fearless freedom fighter who believed that political rights will have to be fought for.
Editor of the newspapers, Kesari and Maratha which glorified ancient heritage.
Started the Ganpati Festival (1894) and the Shivaji festival (1896) to spread the spirit of nationalism.
Jailed for sedition (1897-98 and 1908-14)
Author of the slogan, " Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it."
Well known as the father of the Indian unrest.
Organized akharas and lathi clubs to make the youth brave and to enable them to fight against their mighty rulers.
He was instrumental in formulating the Lucknow Pact.
He had a role to play in the home Rule Movement
Aware of the Br. intentions he insisted that the aim of the Congress should be Swaraj. The Br. had conquered India by force and by force alone could they be driven out of India.
He supported the No rent campaign, Swadeshi, Boycott Prohibition, etc. were preached and practiced by him.
Formed the Deccan Education Society in 1884.
Instilled confidence in the Indians by his precepts and preachings.
He believed in total; freedom from British domination.
He stood for self-reliance.
He left the INC in 1907 and organized his own party of the Extremists along with Lal and Pal.
Famous as the forerunner or political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.

LALA LAJPAT RAI:-
Prominent lawyer
Advocated national education.
Associated with the DAV movement and the Arya Samaj.
Leader of the INC
Actively participated in the Surat split of the INC.
He worked to spread aggressive Nationalism
His speeches influenced the people.
He opened orphanages, schools, hospitals, etc.
Set up the SERVANTS OF THE PEOPLE SOCIETY for the welfare of the poor and the downtrodden and the outcastes.
Laid the foundation of the DAV College.
Joined hands with Madan Mohan Malaviya tin organizing the Nationalist party and he Hindu Sangathan movement for the protection of the interests of the majority community.
He took part in the non-violent demonstrations against the Simon Commission in which he was injured and lost his life.
Given the title of SHER-E-PUNJAB for his courage and determination.
In he words of Dr. Pattabi Sitaramaiya," Lala Lajpat Rai was a fighter and Not a Satytagrahi."
He wrote the books "Arya Samaj" and "England's Debt to India"
He is remembered till today for his patriotism, courage and militant ideas.
He cooperated with Gandhiji in the NCM.
He founded the Indian Home Rule League in America.
He instilled Patriotism through his writings.


SOME IMP QUESTIONS:-Who said, "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it?" (1996)
Bal Gangadhar Tilak said Swaraj is my Birthright and I shall have it.
Name any 3 of the nationalists who were educated in special institutions established according to the philosophy of the Extremists. (1995)
Briefly summarize the contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai to the national movement. (1993)
Briefly summarize the achievements of the extremists. (1993)
Briefly mention the achievement / contribution of Bipin Chandra Pal to the National movement. (1995)
Distinguish between the moderates and the extremists based on their ultimate aims and objectives. (1994)
Who started the paper, " The Young India?" (2003)
All 3 leaders 2004
Aims of the extremists 2004
Difference in methods of moderates and extremists. 2004

revolt of 1857 and formation of INC
Topic: history
Q. State
(a)the politica causes of the revolt.
(b)the economic causes of the revolt.
(c)the socio-religious causes of teh revolt.
(d)the military causes of the revolt.
(e)the immediate cause of the revolt.

Answer:
(a)POLITICAL CAUSES

POLICY OF ANNEXATION:
Between 1757 and 1857, the British were able to capture power over the entire country. Their policies were highly unfair and unjust and its best example can be seen through their policy of annexation. In 1856, Lord Dalhousie started a policy known as the Doctrine of Lapse by which if a ruler of a state died without leaving behind a natural male heir, his kingdom would be annexed to the British Empire. On the pretext of this act, many kingdoms such as Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur, etc were annexed.
The Rani of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai, was not allowed to adopt a son after the death of her husband, Raja Gangadhar Rao. Similarly, the British did not accept Nana Sahib as the Peshwa after the death of Peshwa Baji Rao-II as he was the adopted son.

ANNEXATION OF OUDH:
The ruler of Oudh was Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. He was meant to be a great friend of the British. But the British on the pretext of misgovernment annexed his Kingdom. Thus, the people of Oudh were unhappy with the British and treated them with suspicion. Moreover, many nobles, artisans and soldiers were unemployed as a result of this annexation. This soon led them into the vicious circle of poverty, hunger and starvation, leaving the Muslims of Oudh unhappy with the British.

DISRESPECT SHOWN TO BAHADUR SHAH:
In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that the successors of Bahadur Shah Zafar would not be permitted to use the Red Fort and they would be asked to shift to another place. Later in 1856, he announced that they would not be allowed to use any titles and facilities of the Royal palace. This decision of the British hurt the feelings of the Muslims.

DISRESPECT SHOWN TO NANA SAHIB AND THE RANI OF JHANSI: Nana Sahib was not accepted as the ruler by the British and so, he did not receive a pension like his father. Similarly, Rani Laxmibai was not allowed to adopt a son and so, both of them became bitter enemies of the British.

DISBANDING OF ARMIES:
After the annexation of territories, the British disbanded the armies of the annexed states. Being unemployed, the soldiers lost their means of livelihood. They vowed to avenge themselves against the British by spreading hatred among the people.

SPREADING OF A RUMOUR:
The Indians believed that the rulers in India change after every 100 years. As the British had been ruling India from 1757, after their victory in the Battle of Plassey up to 1857, it was high time now that their rule is changed. Thus, the common people believed that the British rule would come to an end in 1857.


(b)ECONOMIC CAUSES:

DRAIN THEORY:
The British were a colonial power and had come to India originally as traders. They had come to make India their colony by taking all the raw material from India, taking it to their factories in England and selling the finished products back in India. Thus, they used India for raw material and as a market for their finished products.
Earlier, they sold goods very cheaply to break the Indian Cottage industries. Once they succeeded in doing so, they increased their prices to much higher than the handmade Indian goods. Thus, they squeezed the Indians of all the wealth and left them poor. Dadbhai Naoroji in his book, "Poverty and the Un-British Rule," has criticized this unjust policy of the British and has termed it as the Drain of Wealth or the Drain theory. At this point, one must also remember what John Sullivan has said about the Drain Theory of the British. He said that, " Our system acts like a sponge drawing all the good things from the banks of the Ganges and squeezing them on the banks of the Thames."

EXPLOITATION OF ECONOMIC RESOURCES:
From the above, we have understood that the East India Company made huge profits at the expense of the Indians. They purchased raw materials from the Indians at a low price and sold them in the European markets at a higher rate. As the Indian goods began to compete with the British goods, the Govt. put pressure the EIC to ban the Indian made goods. Therefore, they imposed heavy duties on the Indian goods. Thus, the Br. crippled Indian trade and manufactured by erecting a high tariff wall in Britain against Indian goods and encouraged the exports of Br. goods in India. People became unemployed to the extent that the manufacturing towns of Mushidabad, Dacca and Surat became desolate. Even the Iron smelting industry was periodically stamped out by cheap imported Iron and Steel for the railways.
A new plantation system introduced in 1833 brought incalculable misery for the peasants. The worst hit were the peasants of the Indigo plantation of Bengal and Bihar. The new changes in the Agrarian system and the exorbitant land revenue charged, impoverished the peasantry.

SUBORDINATION OF INDIAN INTEREST:
The industrial rev. in England affected the Indian textile industry because the Indian handmade goods could not compete with the machine made goods of England. With the British Drain Theory, instead of becoming an exporter, India became an importer of British goods. Thus we can see that the wealth of the Indians was tremendously drained to England.

COLLAPSE OF THE COTTAGE AND HANDICRAFT INDUSTRIES:
Unable to withstand the tough competition, the Indian artisans, craftsmen, etc. were unemployed. Being jobless, they began to search for other means of livelihood. Thus, the British not only worked towards the collapse of the Cottage industry, but also towards the destruction of the self - sufficient economy. Thus bringing about untold miseries to the people with poverty.
When the British annexed states, the estates of the Zamindars and Taluqdars were confiscated which led to their displacement. Thus, they turned out to be the bitter enemies of the British.

UNEMPLOYMENT:
The Britishers were appointed to several high posts, but the Indians were not. So, there was very great dissatisfaction among the Indians. Moreover, the salaries of the Indian officers wads much less than the British. To add to the miseries of the Indians, India was constantly faced with famines and the British did nothing about it. This left the Indians highly dissatisfied with the British.
The Br. also monopolized the Jute, Tea and Coffee industry. Moreover, differences in the salaries of the Indians and the Br. led to hatred among the Indians for the Br.

(c)SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CAUSES:

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS:
The British brought about many socio-religious reforms, which affected many traditions and customs of the Indians. They abolished the practice of Sati, and passed many laws to ban Female Infanticide. Widow Remarriage was permitted. The common man could not accept these changes as the people thought that these reforms interfered with their religion and age-old practices.

INTRODUCTION OF RAILWAYS AND TELEGRAPHS:
The British had introduced the Railways in India. The Indians misinterpreted these Hindus and the Muslims were made to sit next to each other in the trains and also there were no separate provisions made for the Schedule Castes. Moreover, the orthodox Indians spread Reforms and thought that the railway was meant for the British to defile their religion as the Rumour that the Telegraph poles were meant to hang all those who went against the British.

SUPPORT TO MISSIONARIES:
The British indirectly supported the missionaries, as it was compulsory for schools and colleges to impart instructions in English. Similar was the case in jails wherein the prisoners were forced to learn English. A priest was kept in the army. It is a known fact that some of the missionaries condemned the Hindu and Muslim religions.

NEW LAWS:
The British Govt. imposed tax on property belonging to the temples and mosques. This angered the Indians. In 1800, Lord Dalhousie passed a law by which a man could inherit his ancestral property only if he converted to Christianity.

INTRODUCTION TO MODERN EDUCATION:
The British forced the Indians to learn modern education and English, which was despised by the Indians.

LACK OF IDENTITY:
The British were foreigners in India and considered themselves superior to the Indians. They forgot that before them, the Muslims who ruled India were also foreigners who ruled in India making India their homeland and so faced a lesser number of revolts from the Indians. The British would just not identify with the Indians and called the Indians "Heathens"
In fact, the Indians were not allowed into all the public places and restaurants had hoardings like, " DOGS AND INDIANS NOT ALLOWED." This attitude of the British proved harmful for themselves.

(d)MILITARY CAUSES:

GENERAL SERVICES ENLISTMENT ACT:
The British Govt. passed this act in 1856. According to this act, all the soldiers enlisted in the army were forced to go overseas. This was a taboo for the Indians, esp. the Brahmins who were outcasted if they went overseas. Thus, the Indians thought that the British were defiling their religion and found sufficient reason to revolt against them.

ILLTREATMENT OF THE INDIAN SOLDIERS:-
The Indian soldiers had helped the British to establish their supremacy in India, but in return for all their efforts, they received nothing. Thus, the Indian soldiers were highly dissatisfied with the British. Moreover, the Indian soldiers were looked down upon and the British soldiers were paid 8 times the salaries of the Indians. The Indians were deprived of their allowances or ` Batta ` when they served in territories other than their own. The Indians were not appointed to any high posts except to that of a Subedar whereas all the high posts were reserved for the British. Moreover, the Indians suffered poor prospects of promotion too. Thus, these facts leave no doubt in our minds about the discontent among the India n soldiers.

NUMERICAL STRENGTH:
The numerical strength of the British was only 40,000 soldiers while the Indians were 2 lakh in number. This gave them the confidence of being able to rise against such a super power.

AFGHAN WAR:
There was a rumor that the British were invincible, but the loss of British prestige in the Afghan war led to the rise of confidence among the Indian soldiers.

The Indian soldiers were not given any credit and the Annexation of Oudh after the death of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah led to the Revolt of 1857.

(e)IMMEDIATE CAUSE:

The Indians were really fed up with the British rule in India. It all began with the spreading of a rumor about the introduction of Enfield Rifles. These rifles had to be used by inserting cartridges. There was a rumor that these cartridges were greased with the fat of the pig and the cow. The pig is the holy animal for the Muslims and the cow for the Hindus. Besides, these cartridges had to be torn off by the mouth and then inserted in the rifles. The Hindus and Muslims were naturally against this
system. The Revolt began with a daring Soldier, Mangal Pandey refusing to use these cartridges. He killed a British officer and was hanged for the same. Thus, the revolt broke out and spread to many places all over the country.

The rulers of Nabha, Patiala and the Nizam did not participate in the revolt.

The revolt spread to Lucknow, Jhansi, Kanpur, Meerut, Nagpur, Satara, Delhi, etc. but it still was not able to oust the British.

Q. State the results of teh revolt with reference to the following:
Ans. RESULTS OF THE REVOLT:

Although the revolt failed due to various reasons, it still invoked a terrific response from the people and had fear reaching effects on them:


(a)END OF THE EIC'S RULE:
The EIC's rule came to an end and henceforth; India was transferred to the British crown. The act passed by the British parliament in 1858 abolished the Board of Directors of the EIC and established the position of Secretary of State for India. So also was the post of Governor General abolished and a new post of Viceroy was created. Lord Canning was the last Governor General of India and the first Viceroy of India under the British crown.

(b)QUEEN VICTORIA'S PROCLAMATION:
Lord Canning announced the Queen's proclamation in a grand Durbar at Allahabad on 1st November 1858.

The British Policy Towards Indian States:
The British Govt. planned to make the Indian princes loyal towards it and so announced a very good policy for them. It assured them that:
All treaties signed with the EIC would remain as they were and would be honored by the crown.
Their territories would not be annexed.
The British would not interfere in their internal matters except in case of mis-management.
They would be given a right to adopt a son.
They were asked to restrict their armies.
The Indians would be eligible for higher posts if found qualified.
The people were granted full freedom of religion without the interference of the British.
A general pardon was granted to all except those found guilty of murder.

(c) RIGHTS GRANTED TO THE INDIAN PRINCES AND CHIEFS:
It assured the Indian princes and chiefs that all treaties entered into with the company would be honoured.
Their states would not be annexed to the British crown.
They were given the right to adopt sons and successors.
The proclamation also assured them that the British would not interfere in their internal matters except in case of misconduct.

(d)REORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY:
The proportion of the Europeans to the Indians in the army was raised.
Artillery and other effective weapons of war were placed exclusively under the charge of the Europeans.
To curb nationalism, Indian soldiers of different communities, castes and regions were mixed up and they were kept away in secluded places.

(e)THE CHANGES INTRODUCED IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP OF THE BRITISH:
The company's rule came to an end.
It abolished the Board of Directors to the Company.
It put the responsibility of the Govt. of India under a separate minister of the British parliament.
This minister was known as the secretary of state.
He was to be advised by a council consisting of 15 members.
The Governor General was made the viceroy.
Indian territories came under the British crown.
Appointments to the civil services should be made by open competition.

(f)POLICY OF DIVIDE AND RULE:
The Revolt of 1857 taught many lessons, not only to the Indians, but also to the British. During the revolt the Hindus and the Muslims fought together and stood united with one another. Therefore, the British realized that to continue their rule in India, they would have to divide the Hindus and the Muslims. So, first they told the Muslims that the Hindus were responsible for the revolt. Later, when the Muslims had become
great friends of the British and bitter enemies of the Hindus, they sided the Hindus against the Muslims. Thus, they sowed the seeds of hatred among the Indians for one another. This later led to the partition of India n 1947.


(f)RISE OF NATIONALISM:

The revolt of 1857 gave rise to the feelings of nationalism among the Indians. They realized that the sacrifices of great leaders such as Rani of Jhansi, Tantia Tope and Nana Sahib should not go in vain. It served as a source of inspiration to the freedom struggle in India. Thus, the revolt became the symbol of challenge to the mighty British Empire, which could not subdue man's inborn desire to attain freedom.

Which is called India's first war of Independence? (1996)
Ans. The Revolt of 1857 is known as India's First War of Independence.

What was Nana Sahib's grievance against the British? (1995)
Ans. The British had refused to accept Nana Sahib as the true heir to the throne as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao - II. Under the British policy of Doctrine of Lapse, an adopted son could not succeed the ruler. Thus, Nana Sahib was highly against the British.

Mention any one provision of the General Enlistment Act of 1856. (1999)
Ans. The General Service Enlistment Act stated that soldiers of the Indian Army could be sent overseas. Travelling across the seas or crossing the seas was a religious taboo for the Indians, esp. the Brahmin soldiers. Resultantly, they were outcasted for doing so. Thus, they were dissatisfied with the British.

4. Under what pretext was Oudh annexed by the British? (1998, 2003)
Ans. Lord Dalhousie annexed Oudh on the pretext of misgovernment or misgovernance. Thousands of nobles, peasants and soldiers lost their jobs and the estates of jagirdars and Zamindars were confiscated.

Who was the first Viceroy of India? (1997)
Ans. Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.

Why was the Revolt of 1857 hailed as the first war of National Independence? (2001)
Ans. The revolt of 1857 was hailed as the first war of National Independence because it was for the first time that the Hindus, Muslims, etc. i.e. people from all castes and communities came together and unitedly fought against the British.

Name the policy followed by lord Dalhousie for the annexation of Indian territories. (2001)
Ans. Doctrine of Lapse was the policy followed by Lord Dalhousie for the Annexation of princely states.

What was the main grievance of Nan Saheb against the British? (2003)
Ans. 1. Dalhousie's refusal to pension Nana Saheb.
Refusal of the British to recognize Nana Saheb as the ruler of the Marathas.
Doctrine of Lapse.

The act of 1858 ended the EIC's rule and the Govt. of India was transferred to the British Queen. Who became her first Viceroy? (2003)
Ans. Lord Canning.

FOUNDATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS:-

Allan Octavian Hume played an imp. role in the foundation of the Indian National Congress. He circulated a letter addressed to the graduates of the Calcutta University on 1st March 1883 regarding the formation of an All-India Organization working for the material, moral and political advancement of the people. He even asked the support of the Govt. He laid the foundation of the Indian National Union. The Conference of the union was called. It was to be held on 25th Dec. 1885, but due to the outbreak of a serious Plague in Poona, its venue was shifted to Bombay. It was held from 28th to the 31st of December 1885. This first meeting of the Congress was presided by Wyomesh Chandra Bonnerjee / Bannerjee and about 72 delegates attended the meeting.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE INC:-
Promotion of close relations between the nationalistic workers from different parts of the country.
To develop and consolidate the feeling of national unity, irrespective of the caste, creed and religion.
Formulation of popular demands and their presentation before the Govt.
Training and organization of the public opinion in the country.

INITIAL DEMANDS OF THE CONGRESS:-
To hold simultaneous ICS examinations in India and in England.
Right to carry arms.
Employment of the Indians to higher posts.
Reduction in military expenditure.
Appointment of Indians to the Executive Council.
Expansion of the Central and Legislative Assemblies.

SOME IMP. QUESTIONS:-
1. Where and when was the first session of the INC held? (1996, 1997,1998, 1999, 2001)
Mention one principal object of the founding of the INC. (1995)
Vernacular Press Act (1999)
When and by whom was the Ramakrishna Mission founded? (2000)
Ans.1896, Swami Vivekananada
Mention 2 evils against which the Arya Samaj raised its voice.(2000)
Ans. Idol worship, Sati, Caste System, etc.
Name the act of Lord Lytton's regime, which aimed at curtailing the freedom of the press. (2003)
Ans. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878.
Who wrote Bande Mataram? (2003)
Ans. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (Chattopadhyaya)

home page
Topic: important information
good day to all of u my dear children,
this page can be considered as the home page for our student - site.
i sincerely hope that u r studying for teh icse exam in tune with the study schedule set for u. many schools are having compulsory re-prelims. look for teh re-prelim papers too.

according to a recent directive received from teh council, in Indian History, chapters before the revolt of 1857 will not be questioned except the battles of Plassey, buxar and their importance. plz feel happy about it. u now know for sure what to omit and what to study.

i have tried breaking up ur qstns into a chapterwise breakup. our bis prelim answers are also on the blog.

i must tell u that a lot of people have been enquiring about how much to selectively study for the cse. trust me, don't listen to friends from other schools who may have been told that they can omit more syllabi easily. plz study all that u have been instructed to study in class following the same method. Do not panic. approach me if u still have doubts. don't spread confusion and panic around!

The blog now seems to be updated with the minimum amount of information u need to know for the icse. HOwever, as i have not recd qstns on the contemporary world from students, i have uploaded a part of the world war and un presentations.

However, when u click on civics, u will get all civics chapters on ur screen. when u click on history, u will get indian history chapters in a row, (though not a chapterwise list). similarly, when u click on contemporary world, u will get the world wars, un and human rights chapters.

plz feel free to approach me at any time u need me. u can even post ur message on this site and i will respond. happy studying. all the best for the icse exam.

yours truly,
ms. khyati dwarkadas

answers to the prelims paper
Topic: prelims answers
Part - I (Short answer questions)

Question 1: Civics

a) 5yrs unless vote of no confidence is passed against any of the members. (1/2 + ? )
b) min. no. of members required to conduct the proceedings of the House. (1)
c) members of both the Houses put qstns to the ministers about the work of their departments. / LS has more power than the RS. / COM is responsible only to the LS. / RS has no power to pass a no- conf. motion. / adjournment motion indicates strong disapproval of the policy of the govt. therefore, it is moved only in the LS. (2points - 1m)
d) The Gov's address is a formal policy statement prepared by the COM. The Address wd help ppl know the tasks that the govt. is undertaking and the way it is functioning. (4points - 1m)
e) president (1)
f) According to the Constitution, the Gov. can issue an ordinance only when state leg. assembly is not in session and he is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action. The ordinance so promulgated should be laid before state leg. Assembly when it reassembles. It becomes a law if the state leg. Assembly passes it within 6 weeks of its meeting or else it ceases to exist. (1)
g) Non members can get nominated but must get a seat in either house within 6 months . / he can be appointed for a term of only 6 months and cannot be reappointed if he resigns.(any 1 point 1m)
h) Protector of fundamental rights / gives a new meaning to the constitution. (2points - 1m)
i) armed forces(1)
j) speedy/ economical/ both parties feel that they have been treated fairly/ inexpensive/ decisions are final and binding on all/ reduce the workload of any court. (any 2 points - 1m)

Question 2: History
a) 1757 / br. Laid strong foothold in Bengal (1+1)
b) dec 1885/ Mumbai/ venue shifted from pune to Mumbai coz plague/ 1st prez = W.C. Bonnerjee (?+ ? + ? + ?)
c) Dadabhai Naoroji / Poverty and the UN-British Rule in India (1+1)
d) i) 1905 / curzon (?+?)
ii) 1940 / linlithgow (?+?)
e) tilak(1) / kesari and maratha (?+?)
f) chauri chaura / mob burnt police station / 22 policemen including inspector killed / violent incident (?+?+?+?)
g) princely states cd join either india or pak or remain indep (1+1)
h) usa became a world power and br became a second rated world power. (1+1)
i) ilo / geneva, switzerland (1+1)
j) UNHRC / HR Committee / High Commissioner for HR / Centre for HR / Commission on the Status of women / National Commission on HR / Amnesty International / NGO's for International League for HR / Indian People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) [any 1for 1m] + under the Taliban regime the women had to wear the all-enveloping burqa / brutality and exploitation / poor literacy / detained without trial / women being tried as witches and executed (any 1 for 1m)


Part -II (Structured Questions)

Section A: Civics
Qstn 3:
a) No. In order to be chosen as a member of the VS, a person
(i) He/she must be a citizen of India
(ii) He/she must be not less than 25 years of age.
(iii) He /she must possess such additional qualifications as may be prescribed by law from time to time
(iv) He/she should not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state except that of a minister for the Union or for the state.
(v) He/she should not be of an unsound mind.
(vi) He/she should not be an undischarged insolvent
(vii) He/she should not have voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign state and should not be under acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign power.
(viii) He/she should not be disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament . (1m for the age and any 3 more points = 4m)
b) no- confidence / end of tenure / breakdown of constitutional machinery. (any2 points - 2m)
c) functs of the speaker:
i) regulates debates and proceedings of the House / ii) maintains order in the House / iii) receives all petitions and documents in the House / iv) allows admission of strangers, press correspondents, etc. / v) decides whether a bill is a money bill or not / vi) functs under anti- defection law/ vii) decides the agenda of the House. (any 4 points - 4m)

Question 4:
a) breakdown of constitutional machinery (1)
b) till the time prez's rule is imposed in the state, the state leg. Assembly will be suspended / and wd be revived as soon as normalcy occurs in the state. (1+1)
c) 4 executive powers of the pres are as follows: i) all executive orders are issued in his name / ii) formation of the COM / iii) Power to appoint and remove all dignitaries in the state / admin of union territories / control over state govts. / head of the armed forces. (any 4 points - 4m)
d) 3 leg powers of the Pres are as follows: i) power to summon and prorogue the LS / ii) dissolve the LS /
iii) nominating members to the Houses / iv) assent to legislation / v) previous sanction to the intro of a money bill / vi) power to promulgate ordinances / vii) pres's assent to state bills. (any 3)
Question 5:
a) mng: to decide cases that come to it in the first instance / cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, admiralty, company law, contempt of court/ b4 the commencement of the const. HC of M'bai and Chennai had Original Jurisdiction on matters dealing with the Parsees and the Christians. / constitutional cases / power to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. (4)
b) in civil cases it hears appeals againsgt the decisions of the district judge/ in criminal cases, it hears appeals in the following cases: i) against the judgement of a sessions judge where the sentence is exceeds 7 yrs imprisonment / iii) against the judgements of assistant assistant sessions judge, chief metropolitan magistrate or other judicial magistrates, where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds 4 yrs / iv) in adition to that, a sentence of death must be confirmed by the HC b4 it can be carried out / appeals by the state also lie to the HC when the order of acquittal is passed by a sessions judge / appeals also lie in matters concerning land revenue / in cases where a blatant injustice has been committed by any tribunal. In such cases the HC may quash the orders of any tribunal. 4points - 4m)
c) its judgements and orders are preserved as a record / these can be produced in any court as precedents / the law laid down by the HC is binding on all the subordinate courts / but it does not bind the other high courts although it is of great significance / for contempt of court, the court has authority to punish any 1. / neither the SC nor the parliament can deprive the HC of this right. (any 2 points - 2m)
Question 6:
(a) Social reforms (5)

Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was called "the first modern man" in India for his progressive thinking and social reforms. He was moved by deep love for his people and country and worked hard all his life for their social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration.

In 1814 he formed the Atmiya Sabha and carried on a persistent i) struggle against the religious social evils which were widely prevalent among the Hindus in Bengal. He therefore, ii) opposed the worship of idols, iii) the rigidity of caste, and the prevalence of meaningless religious rituals. Iv) He condemned the priestly class for encouraging these practices.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a man of action. V) His greatest contribution was his lifelong crusade against the evil practice of sati. Beginning in 1818 he set out to rouse public opinion on the question. By citing the authority of the oldest sacred books he showed that the Hindu religion at its best was opposed to the practice; on the other hand, vi) he appealed to the reason and humanity and compassion of the people. He visited the burning ghats at Calcutta to try to persuade the relatives of widows to give up their plan of self-immolation. He organised groups of like minded people to keep a strict check on such performances and to prevent any attempt to force the widows to become sati. Vii) Finally, Sati was abolished by the govt. in 1829.

viii) He was also a stout champion of women's rights. He condemned the subjugation of women and ix) opposed the prevailing idea that women were inferior to men in intellect or in a moral sense. X) He attacked polygamy and the degraded state to which widows were often reduced. Xi) To raise the status of women he demanded that they be given the right of inheritance and property. (any 5 points 5m)

(b) Spread of Western Education in India. (5)

Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed that i) India could progress only through western education. Ii) He put forward the idea that new India, guided by reason, should acquire and treasure all that was best in the East and the West. Thus iii) he wanted India to learn from the west but this learning was to be an intellectual and creative process through which Indian culture and thought were to be renovated; it was not to be an imposition of western culture on India.

Thus, he encouraged western education and iv) supported Lord Macaulay's idea of introducing English as the medium of instruction in higher learning. In 1817, David Hare founded the famous Hindu College Rammohan Roy gave most enthusiastic assistance to Hare in this and his other educational projects. In addition, he maintained at his own cost an English school in Calcutta from 1817 in which, among other subjects, mechanics and the philosophy of Voltaire were taught. In 1825, v) he established a Vedanta college in which courses both in Indian learning and in western social and physical sciences were offered. (5 points - 5m)

Question 7:

a) REASONS OR CAUSES FOR THE LAUNCHING OF THE QIM:
i) The political situation was intolerable.
ii) A Japanese attack was haunting the minds of the people.
iii) The country's security was endangered. (There was a threat to the security of the country.)
iv) Rising prices.
v) Wartime shortages were building up the miseries of the people.
vi) The failure of the Cripps Mission.
vii) The INC felt that the British were secretly supporting the League and only if they left would the differences be sorted out.
viii) The withdrawal of the British would save India from a Japanese aggression.
ix) The INC felt that the time was ripe to compel the British to accept their demands of independence.
x) On 8th August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed by the Bombay session of the INC.
xi) The movement was launched as a mass struggle on non-violent lines to achieve complete freedom.
xii) Ultimately, it was to do or die in order to make India free.

(any 5 points - 5 m)

b) THE BRITISH REACTION TO THE QIM:
i)The British reacted sharply to the movement.
ii) They arrested all the important leaders.
iii) They banned the All India Congress Committee.
iv) They used severe lathi charges.
v) The British let loose a wave of repression on the leaderless masses.
vi) Killings, firings and lathi charges became the order of the day and the British managed to subdue the masses.
(any 3 points - 3m)

c) IMMEDIATE RESULTS:
The people acquired a great capacity to struggle and sacrifice.
It made the British realize that their days in India are numbered.
It demonstrated the depth of the Indian people. (National feelings)
It showed India's anger against imperialism.
The British realized that every Indian was ready to make any sacrifice for throwing away the yoke of slavery and to see India a free country.

(any 2 points - 2m)







Question 8:
a) Proposals of the Mountbatten Plan:

India would be divided in to two dominions. / The partition of Bengal and Punjab. / A separate Constituent Assembly for both the dominions. / The legislative assembly of Sind to take its own decisions. / A referendum to be held in the NWFP. / The district of Sylhet to be decided by referendum. / Princely states treaties would come to an end and they are free to join either of the two dominions or to remain independent. / A boundary commission would be set up to settle the disputes regarding the boundaries. / The two dominions would decide what relation they would have with the British Commonwealth and with each other. / Transfer of power before the end of 1947.

(any 6 points -6m)

b) REASONS FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE PLAN BY THE CONGRESS:
i) Extension of the British rule was harmful for India.
ii) A smaller but a united India was better than a bigger disorganized country.
iii) A bitter experience of the INC with the Muslim League in its formation of an interim govt.
iv) Large scale communal riots that engulfed the entire country.
v) It would get rid of separate electorate and other undemocratic procedures.
vi) It would avoid a civil war.


Question 9:
a) 3 causes for World War - I (any 3 points - 3 m)
militant nationalism / ii) armament race / iii) split of Europe into 2 armed camps - triple alliance and triple entente / iv) colonial rivalry (imperialism) / v) Balkan wars / vi) no effective peace keeping international organization / vii) Sarajevo tragedy /




b) Causes that led to the rise of Nazism and fascism
(any 3 points - 3m)
i) dissatisfaction with the peace treaties / ii) economic factors such as post - war inflation / iii) inefficient and corrupt democratic govts. / iv) rise of totalitarian ideologies / v) anti - communism / vi) racist policies

d) Consequences of World War - II on life then and today
(any 2 points from each part [then and today] - 4m)

i) death and devastation on an unprecedented scale / ii) overthrow and destruction of axis powers / iii) trial of the most serious offenders / iv) rise of communism / v) cold war / vi) decolonization and rise of independent nations in asia and Africa - e.g. India, Myanmar, sri lanka becam indep/ vii) birth of UN / use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes / viii) disarmament attempts

Question 10:

a) Comp of SC (3 points - 3 m)
15 members / 5 perm - 10 non perm / names of 5 perm members / veto expld / sessions

b) Four functions of the General Assembly (4points - 4m)
i) promotion of international peace and security /ii) promotion of international cooperation / iii) keep an eye on the working of the other organs and agencies / iv) receives and considers reports from the SC / v) annual budget / vi) elects non-perm members of the SC and the other organs / vii) uniting for peace resolution - if the SC fails to take action against the aggressor nation, then the GA is empowered to take action / viii) amending the UN charter / ix) electing Sec gen of SC / x)appoints members of other organs and agencies /

c) Significance of Art. 1 and 2 of the HR. 3points -3 m)
All humans are born free / all are equal in dignity and rights / brotherhood of man / there shd be no discrimination on the grounds of caste, creed, race, sex, colour, etc. / universality of rights.

union and state judiciary
Topic: union and state judiciary
Q1. (g) Mention two ways by which the Constitution ensures independence of the judges of the Supreme Court. (1)
Ans. To save the camp of justice from dying out, it is essential that judiciary must be independent. This is ensured by the constitution through the following provisions:-
(i) To ensure that the judges remain honest and impartial, their salaries are fixed at a high level.

(ii) The removal of the judges from office through impeachment is purposely made difficult to inhibit the executive from taking undue advantage.

union legislature
Topic: union legislature
Q1.(a) What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha? (1)

Ans. The Lok Sabha is normally elected for a term of five years.However, the House can be dissolved before the expiry of its term by a motion of no-confidence.

Q1. (b) How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha elected? (1 )

Ans. The members of the Lok Sabha elect their Speaker from amongst themselves in the first sitting itself. The man who gets the majority of votes is elected as the Speaker.

Q1. (c) What is the procedure adopted for resolving a deadlock between the two Houses of Parliament with regard to an ordinary Bill? (1 )

Ans. In case there is a deadlock between the two Houses of Parliament with regard to an ordinary bill, the President may summon a joint sitting of the two Houses. Such a joint session is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. As the membership of the Lok Sabha is more than double the membership of the Rajya Sabha, it is the will of the Lok Sabha that prevails.

Q1.(d) What is the Constitutional provision with regard to the representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the Lok Sabha? (1 )

Ans. Article 331 of the Constitution provides that not more than 2 members of the Anglo-Indian Community can be nominated by the President in the Lok Sabha if in his opinion this community is not adequately represented in the House of people.